Answer:
(a) Annual dividend = Dividend rate × par value ×  number of shares outstanding
                 = 7% ×  $60 ×  40,000
                = $168,000
Semi‑annual dividend = [tex]\frac{Annual\ dividend}{2}[/tex]
                   = [tex]\frac{168,000}{2}[/tex]
                   = $84,000
(b) Annual dividend = Dividend rate × number of shares outstanding
                 = $5.20 × 171,600
                 = $892,320
Arrears of $892,320 are owed for last year as well, so the total dividends owed would be:
$892,320 × 2 years
= $1,784,640
(c) Annual dividend = Dividend rate × stated value × number of shares outstanding
                 =  4.8% × $100 × 445,000
                = $2,136,000
Quarterly dividend = = [tex]\frac{Annual\ dividend}{2}[/tex]
                   = [tex]\frac{2,136,000}{4}[/tex]
                   = $534,000